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From Mine to Market: The Journey of Nickel in the Future of Electric Vehicle (EV)

Editor: Maria Gabriela, Agnes Sulistya (LCI Team)

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Introduction

The electric vehicle (EV) industry is driving the adoption of sustainable transportation. One such material is nickel, a critical component of high-performance batteries used in most EVs today. As automakers seek to improve battery performance and reduce costs, the demand for nickel in EV batteries is expected to increase significantly over the next few decades (IEA, 2021). This article will trace the journey of nickel, exploring its role in EV batteries, its environmental challenges, and the possible solutions to its contribution to a cleaner future.


The Role of Nickel in EV Batteries

Nickel is a key material in the production of batteries for electric vehicles, particularly in lithium-ion batteries. It is used in various battery chemistries, such as nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA), which are favored for their high energy density. The use of nickel in these battery types improves battery performance by increasing energy storage capacity, extending the driving range of EVs, and enhancing battery lifespan (Dunn et al., 2011). 


Mining and Extraction of Nickel

Nickel mining is the first stage in the journey of this material. The primary sources of nickel are laterite and sulphide ores, with laterite ores being more commonly used for EV battery production due to their higher nickel content. The process of extracting nickel from these ores involves complex methods, such as high-pressure acid leaching (HPAL) for laterite ores and smelting for sulphide ores.


Refining and Processing of Nickel

Once nickel is extracted from the earth, it undergoes refining to produce the high-purity nickel required for battery production. The refining process typically involves the removal of impurities from the raw nickel, which requires significant energy and resources. 


Advances in refining technology are helping reduce the environmental impact of nickel production. New hydrometallurgical methods, such as solvent extraction and ion exchange, offer more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional smelting. These processes not only reduce the carbon footprint of nickel production but also help reduce the amount of waste generated in the refining process (Spath et al., 2005).


From Battery Production to EVs on the Road

Once nickel is processed and refined, it is used in the production of lithium-ion batteries, which power EVs. The process of battery production requires not only nickel but also other materials such as lithium, cobalt, and manganese. The efficiency and sustainability of the entire battery supply chain depend on how these materials are sourced and processed.


Automakers and battery manufacturers are working to address the concerns in the supply chain by increasing their focus on sustainable sourcing, improving battery recycling processes, and investing in research to develop more efficient and less resource-intensive battery technologies (IEA, 2021).


Exploring the  Solutions in Nickel Mining and Extraction

One of the primary solutions is the adoption of responsible mining standards and certifications. Organizations like the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) encourage mining companies to meet environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. By adhering to these standards, mining operations can reduce their negative impacts on ecosystems and ensure ethical labor practices. Another key solution is the use of more sustainable mining technologies, such as bio-leaching, which reduces energy consumption and emissions compared to traditional methods. 

Furthermore, the increasing use of renewable energy sources in refining operations is also contributing to a more sustainable nickel supply chain. Companies are beginning to shift toward using solar and wind power in their production processes, which could significantly lower the carbon emissions associated with nickel refining.


Finally, recycling plays an increasingly vital role in addressing sustainability challenges. By recovering and reusing nickel from used batteries, the need for new mining is significantly reduced, helping to lower the environmental footprint of nickel production. These practices help to mitigate the negative effects of nickel mining while ensuring a more sustainable supply of this essential material for EV batteries.


Conclusion

Nickel plays an essential role in the future of electric vehicles, enabling better battery performance and longer driving ranges. However, the journey of nickel from mine to market presents several challenges, including environmental impacts and ethical sourcing issues. With growing reliance on nickel for EV batteries, the industry must adopt responsible mining practices, improve refining methods, and explore solutions like recycling to ensure nickel continues to support the transition to cleaner mobility.


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